The Lottery By Shirley Jackson - 887 Words

When I first started reading â€Å"The Lottery† a short story by Shirley Jackson, I thought it was about when the lottery, as we know it today, first originated. After reading the entire short story I couldn’t have been more wrong. It reminds me of the popular book series and movie franchise called The Hunger Games. Even though, I am taken aback by the ending I am not completely surprised, because of the era this story took place in. Had this lottery taken place in today’s modern society in the United States, it would be completely outrageous and horrifying. As soon as I started reading the short story I knew that it took place over a century ago as Jackson presented the community as being a small farming village of 300 people. Winning the lottery is supposed to be a great, thing met with excitement and celebration, which is why in the beginning of this story I felt like it was about today’s lottery. The writer wrote about the town’s people ga thering together with the children laughing and playing, the men telling jokes, and the women gossiping. These are not the actions of people during a somber event. When the young boys of the village were gathering smooth round stones I thought they were going to be used to go skip stones at the local swimming hole when the lottery concluded, again I couldn’t have been more wrong. The people in the story did not seem horrified or scared about what was about to happen, so neither did I. Mrs. Hutchinson laughed with Mrs. DelacroixShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met w ith punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the main character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affiliated with a n optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered amongst their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

My Sen 180 Intercultural Communication Class Essay

My HUN 180 Intercultural communication class conducted a field trip to the Jamaica Islamic Center, Queens, on November 22, 2016. I did some research about the Jamaica Islamic Center and, according to JIC â€Å"Jamaica Islamic Center, INC is an initiative of Muslims in America dedicated to promoting Islamic awareness and facilitating socio-economic welfare of the common people in Jamaica, Queens, New York†. (http://jamaicamuslimcenter.org/) I met my HUN 180 class in the E-building lobby in LaGuardia community College where we discussed the agenda for the day. Then we proceeded to the train station on Rawson Street where we took the Queens-bound 7 train. Once we arrived at the Hillside station in Queens on 167th, we met Mr. Zaheer who was our guide for the trip. He gave us a brief talk about Hillside. I remember him telling us that majority of the people living there are from Bangladesh and owns most of Business. We introduced ourselves then proceeded to the Muslim center. It was a walk of about two minutes. On reaching there, there a man wearing a blue outfit (it looks like clothing that Muslims wear, similar to a robe) who told us that we had to remove our shoes before we enter the room. Once we took our shoes off we walked in and sat quietly, waiting for our tour guide to arrive. As we waited, I observed that the floor was covered with a red carpet, the walls had Arabic writings, and there was a shelf on the opposite side of the room from where I was sitting, that was full of

Forces Leading to the War of 1812 Free Essays

The war of 1812, supposedly fought over neutral trading rights, was a very peculiar conflict indeed. Britain’s trade restrictions, one of the main causes, were removed two days before the war started; the New Englanders, for whom the war was supposedly fought, opposed it; the most decisive battle, at New Orleans, was fought after the war ended. Before the war began, Britain and France had disrupted US shipping, confiscated American goods, taking US seamen into the British navy, and both sides had blockaded each other’s ports which caused great annoyance to American traders, and Britain’s abduction of American sailors especially caused great uproar and indignation at home. We will write a custom essay sample on Forces Leading to the War of 1812 or any similar topic only for you Order Now These forces led Americans to declare war on Britain in 1812. When the war began, it was being fought by the Americans to address their grievances toward the British. This seemed like a justifiable cause for a war, however not all of the citizens shared the same sense of unity about the political issues the war was being fought over. The US was quite upset about the continuing impressments of American sailors into the British Navy and the seizures of American merchant trading vessels by the British. In a committee report in 1811, congressmen address their complaints against Britain. The British defied an â€Å"incontestable right†, and they captured â€Å"every American vessel† that they could find. In response to these intolerable actions, The president of the United States wishes to declare war against Great Britain. A group of congressman known as the War Hawks desperately desired going to war. One of these â€Å"War Hawks,† John C. Calhoun, agrees with the committee’s report, by saying â€Å"these rights are essentially attacked, and war is the only means of redress. † Hugh Nelson, congressman from Virginia, believed that the war was inevitable and that it would bring the American people together. He stated, â€Å"to demonstrate to the world†¦ hat the people of these state were united, one and indivisible. † This quote demonstrates his thoughts that if the United States were to unite in a strong fashion, it would indeed â€Å"repel all foreign aggression. † President Madison’s Declaration of War coincided directly with the report and the writings of the War Hawks, in that it explained itself by stating, â€Å"We behold our seaf aring citizens still the daily victims of lawless violence†¦ We behold our vessels†¦ wrested from their lawful destinations. † In the War of 1812, many groups had apprehensions to the war at hand. Some, like the War Hawks, used the plight of the New England maritime traders as an excuse to go to war. In reality though, New England was doing better off before the war, because during which it became increasingly difficult to ship goods across the Atlantic and it was impossible to trade with Great Britain. John Randolph, a Representative from Virginia, even went as far as to say that â€Å"maritime rights† had no say in influencing the war. He believed that â€Å"agrarian cupidity† was the true influence that urged the war. By that, Randolph means that men are looking to take the fertile lands of British Canada for themselves, considering that the northern mountains did them no good. When observing the votes for war in the House of Representatives, one might notice a peculiar detail. The agrarian regions of the United states, which includes the Western Frontier, The South and The Agricultural Mid-Atlantic States, have many more yes votes than no votes. Whereas in New England, and the Maritime and Commercial Mid-Atlantic States, the no votes heavily outweighed the yes ones. The Jeffersonians claim that they want war to fight for the â€Å"maritime rights† and yet the Maritime and Commercial States stand out with a majority of no votes. Not a single Federalist voted yes for the congressional vote for war, while a large majority of Democratic-Republicans voted yes for war. Most of these Federalists were also ironically located in New England, but most of the Democratic-Republicans were located in the South and the West. Before the War of 1812, If Americans had been able to put aside their regional selfishness and differences, a declaration of war may not have even been required in the first place. Forces such as disrupted shipping, confiscated goods, and abduction of sailors could have been negotiated over with Great Britain. The United States lacked the unity, discipline, and strength to challenge the British and ended up paying dearly for the declaration of war against them. It is evident in the representatives’ voting that New England and other Maritime regions were against the war. This may suggest that the idea for war was prompted by Democratic-Republicans like the War Hawks, whose motives may have been questionable as mentioned by Randolph. How to cite Forces Leading to the War of 1812, Essay examples

Report on Research Proposal TAJ NZ Limited

Question: Write the Report onResearch Proposal for TAJ NZ Limited. Answer: Introduction: TAJ NZ limited is a retail company which is engaged in the making of home making goods such as electronics, appliances and the furniture and the online stores. The company is also involved in the financial activities. The company is a limited liability company and here the liability is limited to the number of shares held by the members of the company. The company is involved in the online shopping which is the ongoing trend. The retail company intends to reduce the cost incurred and improve the satisfaction level of the consumers. The company is in the phase of the competition and is at growing stage (Ciarocco, 2016). Description of the Problem: The research is conducted on the system of the inventory management. The growth and the profitability of the company can be enhanced through the inventory system. The company needs to improve the satisfaction of the consumers and the investigation should be done in the research area of the inventory system. The role of the inventory management in improving the growth and the profitability of the company (Elliott Higgins, 2012). The company has been experiencing delay in the delivery of the stocks of goods and the unavailability of the stocks. The profitability, growth and the sales of the company is highly affected by this factor. Scope of the Problem: The ultimate target of the research lies in investigating the performance of the management system, since it is responsible in the growth and development both of TAJ NZ Ltd. The inventory level management is facing difficulties in stores. The reason behind it is researchers would solve the problems and also the problem of the inventory management. The capabilities of the inventory management would be obtained in terms of present day business requirements. The conclusion of this research is it would conclude the problems and their ultimate solution. Research Catalyst: The organization is experiencing rapid increase in the complaints by the customers in terms of the stocks availability in the stores. Consequently it causes delay in the online order of the customers. This concern is significant for the organization in order to maintain the productivity and customer satisfaction as well. The incompatibility in the inventory and communication between the online consumers is not fruitful to the organization if the prompt resolution is not obtained. Investigating the customer complaints would be a correct approach in improving the online consumer support. Therefore through these approaches we can aid in competitive advantage for the company. Preliminary Literature Review There are illogical and incompatible issues related to the company in inventory management .The IT software such as the MYOB and CIN7 monitors the company'smerchandise and other operations. The recorded inventory does not match the match with the physical inventory which lies within the store. These inconsistencies are due to the inappropriate inventory records or the stocks which are misplaced within the stores. Even when inventory records are accurate, location of the articles can be difficult within the store and can be misplaced within the wrong locations. Improper transaction update by the employee of the company also disrupts the inventory management. Delay in online order of the customer can also increase the complaints. It is significant to look into the customer complaints as it would otherwise result in damaging the company's reputation. The ultimate target of the company is to improve the overall customer'sview towards the company which should be honest and loyal. Proposed Methods of Research: In order to complete the research proposal the informations and the ideas collected is comprised of the section of the method of research proposal. The data has been collected using the qualitative as well as the qualitative methods. Interviews are the method of direct observation has been used in the qualitative analysis and in the quantitative analysis, secondary research has formed the major part and which include the survey by either visiting the data published by the institute or by accessing the online data available. The data have been collected are both the primary and the secondary. In order to produce the reliable results, ethical culture and the brief literature are also considered (Saunders Lewis, 2014). Authorization: The person involve in solving the problems have been identified with the research conducted using the primary and the secondary data. The members of team conducting the research and the team leader Narushka is being held responsible for the presentation of the reports of the research successfully. The other two team members who are identified to solve the problems are Tajinder singh and Saurabh walia and this is because of the past experience possessed by them. The meeting notes of the research conducted every day and the associated outcome would be shared by him and tajinder singh would be responsible to share with all the other team members. Responsibility for Implementation: The data in the research proposal would be searched using the different terms such as: Managing the operations by inventory management Management of the inventory is done suing the different software and the retail business operations Limitations of the software used in the management of the inventory Benefits of the inventory management software Conclusion and Recommendation: The main issue of the company is the discrepancies in the inventory and the way it is being managed and the discrepancy arises on account of the recording and the actual location of the inventory. The merchandising functions of the company are getting affected by the inaccurate recording and handling of the inventory system. The disparity in the recording of the inventory might be attributed to the manual errors in the recording of the inventories. The transaction of the company regarding the inflow and the outflow of the inventory is not checked properly, therefore the transactions need to be updated and the communication technologies need to be improved. Implementation, Plan and Responsibilities: The company needs to improve the system due to the arising discrepancies from the inventory and it needs to enhance the communication system to provide the platform to the consumers to communicate the complain. The service provided online could be improved if the real time information to the consumers is implemented. This would enable to them to monitor the inventory as this would lower the number of complaint filed by the customers. When the customer is accessing the information using the online platform, the customers would have much better experience (Rofieq et al., 2012). Reference: Baccaglini, L. (2015). Research Proposal Development. Ciarocco, N. J. (2016). of Resource Assignment: Presenting a Research Proposal. Drummer, O. H., Bassed, R. (2013). How to Write a Research proposal and Conduct Productive Research.Pathology-Journal of the RCPA,45, S23. Elliott, N., Higgins, A. (2012). Surviving grounded theory research method in an academic world: Proposal writing and theoretical frameworks.The Grounded Theory Review,11(2), 1-12. O'Leary, Z. (2013).The essential guide to doing your research project. Sage. Pickard, A. (2012).Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Rofieq, A., Husamah, H., Wahyuni, S., Hindun, I., Purwanti, E. (2016, January). Research Methodology through Writing Research Proposal Retrospectively by Combining Classroom Discussion and Collaborative Working Group in Lesson Study. InProceeding of International Conference on Teacher Training and Education(Vol. 1, No. 1). Saunders, M. N., Lewis, P. (2014).Doing research in business and management: An essential guide to planning your project. Pearson Higher Ed.

Avogadro, Amadeo essays

Avogadro, Amadeo essays Lorenzo Romano Amadeo Carl Avagodro was born on August 9, 1776 in Turin, Italy. He was the son of Count Filippo Avogadro and Anna Maria Vercellone. In his earlier years, he started a practice as a lawyer, seeing as he came from a long line of successful ones. His early career was highly successful. In 1792, Avogadro became a bachelor of jurisprudence, and four year later he would earn a doctorate in ecclesiastical law. In 1801, Avogadro was named the secretary to the department of Eridano. It was around this period that he studied mathematics and physics privately, becoming so engrossed he eventually made it his lifetime career. Eventually, Avogadro became the professor of philosophy at the college of Vercelli, where he would marry Felicita Mazze and have six children. In 1811, he would make his famous statement claiming that equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature contain the same number of molecules. This was published in an article on Journal de physique, in which he clearly states the distinction between a molecule and an atom. Alas, the scientific community at the time, for various reasons, paid very little attention to him. Avogadro had based his hypothesis on the studies of a man called Joseph Gay-Lussac, who had discovered all gasses at equal temperature expand by the same amount in 1809. Nothing really was done, until 50 years later when a man by the name of Stanislao Cannizzaro had reintroduced the scientific community to Avogadros theory. By then, there was a much larger agreement that something could be made of such a theory. Cannizzaro believed that compounds had whole numbers of atoms, and that equal volumes of gasses under the same conditions have the same number of molecules. Ironically, this was formed by a fusion of Avogadro and his nemesis Daltons statements. In 1865, a man by the name of Johann Joseph Loeschmidt sa ...

Heidelberg School of Arts essays

Heidelberg School of Arts essays In the years 1885-1901 art was at a very venerable state. With the stereotype of a male working job was shearing, not many people left an open eye for artists. The Heidelberg School of Arts changed the thinking of the average Australian and broaden their views on the male working class. With famous names coming out of the Heidelberg School like Henry Lawson and Banjo Patterson the public was starting to notice what quality that was coming out of Heidelberg. Summer Sea painted by Frederick McCubbin in 1895 is on canvas and painted with oil paints. Frederick McCubbin has painted a view of the coast with a woman in the foreground. The colours Frederick McCubbin has used are very earthy and the colour of the water is a very dull greenie blue. There are tussocks in the background on a sanddune, which leads down to the waterline. In the foreground we can see a lady sitting on the sand. She is in a light blue gown with reddish orange bonnet on.Frederick McCubbin has applied the oil paints thickly and with a lot of texture. This is to try and bring the painting out for the viewer. Frederick McCubbin has painted this painting to capture the calm and coolness of the sea and its meanie surroundings. Fredrick McCubbin succeeds in this by what he has painted. Take the sea for example, Fredrick McCubbin could have painted crashing waves but instead painted a calm bay with little wind. Fredrick McCubbin could have also painted the tussocks like it was very windy but instead he has painted them still and calm. I think Fredrick McCubbin does this to relax the viewer and to put a good picture of the coastline in their minds. The Purple Noons Transparent Might was painted by Arthur Streeton in 1896 and is on canvas and has been painted with oils. The painting is of a river with gumtrees on the banks and hills in the background. I am assuming that this painting is of an Australian river because of the gumtrees along the banks and the...

Philosophy Life and Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy Life and Death - Essay Example However, when people can be given chances to become immortal, then they will immediately accept the chances to live forever, but the fact is that nobody can resist death. Secondly, nobody easily accepts death, and people usually do what they can, to survive difficult situations. This is the reason as to why many people readily pay for expensive medical covers, to safeguard their lives, and even drink chemical concoctions to conquer death. Gilgamesh finally concludes that death is unavoidable, and he too will someday die (McCaughrean G, Parkins 87). As a young man, Montaigne had an excessive fear for death, and this almost made enjoying life difficult for him. As a philosopher, he spent most of his time teaching people on how to encounter the fear of death. He based his teachings on the ideas presented, by some early philosophers, which stated the best way to treat your own mortality is to think about it constantly (Montaigne 243). Additionally, this theory further stated â€Å"dwell on your death every day, and you will become so used to it as an idea that cannot scare you when it arrives in reality† (Montaigne 243). Montaigne argues that death holds little to worry about; therefore, we should not bother our heads about it. According to his theory, the acceptance of death is something more than just a therapeutic tool (Montaigne 251). Therefore, when people expect too much out of themselves and try to control every aspect of their experiences, they will actually undermine that control. This also applies to death too; wh en we expect it, then we will not bother us. Lao-tzu’s â€Å"Tao Te Ching†, is an extremely difficult piece to interpret and understand due to the repletion used, and use of highly difficult-to-interpret symbolism. According to my understanding â€Å"tao† apparently means road or way. In other words, it is a way of doing things.

CONSTRUCTION OF CULTURE AND IDENTITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

CONSTRUCTION OF CULTURE AND IDENTITY - Essay Example We can say that a contemporary society is based on these characteristics of people. A contemporary society is the place where people having similar interests interact with each other and thus mutually shares their thinking and ideas (Hobson 2012). In this research essay, we will discuss all the factors, which actually construct a contemporary society, in brief. The main focus of consideration will be social classes and the Race, as the main constituents of construction of a society. Gender is very important factor for making the identity of any person. There are huge differences in the behavior of a man and a woman. Many philosophers are of opinion that gender identity has great impact on the society. The association between society and the gender identity is can be negative or positive depending on the situation. Gender roles are the responsibilities and the tasks which a male or female is assigned to do, while living in a society. 21st century is focusing on gender equality very much. The concept of gender equality arises because of certain differences and discriminations, which society keep between males and females. In short words, we should focus on maintenance of gender balance in the society so that no one feels inferior between other just because of his or her gender identity (Why Gender 2012; Kristina et al. 2009). Sexual orientation is another important factor for making a society identifiable form many other people. The basic difference between gende r identity and sexual orientation is very slight in nature. Gender identity refers to the natural characteristics of any human being whereas sexual orientation refers to the inclination of human beings towards other people (Tando 2011: Litvine 2003). Religion is another important factor or the characteristic, which constitute the base for making the identity of any human being in a contemporary

Care of the Adult Patient Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Care of the Adult Patient - Assignment Example Aside from giving the patient the opportunity to ask questions concerning his treatment and care, it is equally important to know that the patient is physically, psychologically, and socially fit to undergo the surgical procedure (Holland and Chady, 2012; Pudner, 2005). Often times, the process of conducting social assessment is essential in preparation for the patient’s discharge planning (Holland and Chady, 2012). Psychological assessment is normally conducted to ensure that the patient is mentally and psychologically fit to undergo laparotomy whereas the physical assessment is often conducted to ensure that the patient is physically healthy before undergoing the surgical procedure. Due to peritoneal irritation, patients with small bowel obstruction are at risks of experiencing restlessness. Because of the sudden decrease in the patient’s intravascular volume or septic shock, there are cases wherein patients with small bowel obstruction may experience hypovolemia which includes hypotension or tachycardia (Rosenthal, Zenilman and Katlic, 2011). Patients with diabetes are at risks of experiencing high blood pressure and heart diseases (Dillon, 2007, p. 32). Therefore, it is crucial that the physical assessment should include examining the patient’s vital signs such as blood pressure and heart rate. Patients with small bowel obstruction may also experience having fever (Dillon, 2007, p. 603). This is possible because of the abnormalities that are taking place within the human body. Therefore, a significant part of the physical assessment should include taking the patient’s body temperature. Patients with either partial or at the early stage of small bowel obstruction normally have stool or air within the colon (Norton et al., 2003). To detect signs of air and masses, it is necessary on the part of the nurses to perform physical abdominal exam such as the abdominal palpation (Dillon, 2007, p. 17, 64). To

The Impact Of Asymmetric Information And Adverse Selection Finance Essay

The Impact Of Asymmetric Information And Adverse Selection Finance Essay Nowadays financial intermediations play the important role in the economy. Firms and individuals can find sources to finance its new project. Also lender can invest their money in secure positions. Financial intermediations raise funds from the depositors for short term and lend them to the borrower for long term. The main job of those institutions is to provide finance through taking extra risk. So there are three parties engaged in those investments process. The lender or the depositor could lend his money on secure way and low cost. The borrower can find the finance of his project. The financial intermediation manages the process of those transactions. The question now is that why do lender and borrower need financial intermediation to manage this relationship. Why do not they do it directly without a third party? The answer of this question needs to know the main reasons why financial intermediations exist. There are three reasons explain this issue. First reason is that, the dif ferent requirement of those two parties. Second reason is the transaction cost. Finally is the asymmetric information. In this assay we will focus on the asymmetric information as a reason of the existence of the financial intermediation. Also, in this essay I will first explain the Asymmetric information, adverse selection and moral hazard. Then I will brief some empirical study about the issue of the effect of Asymmetric information to represent the importance of this issue. Also, I will explain the effect of the transaction cost because it has relation with the information cost to avoid unobserved information. Finally, I will explain the financial intermediary natural and their role in guiding the financial process. My conclusion refers to the importance of financial institutions to avoid asymmetric information. I am also touched upon the difference between the risk transferring and risk sharing and the fails of those conventional institutions in the last financial crisis. I reco mmended Islamic industry is an alternative to those convectional ones which can be able to withstand during the crisis because they works as a partner with their consumer and they share the risks with them. The impact of Asymmetric information, adverse selection, and moral hazard on the lender. It is important to the lender to have the good quality and quantity information about the borrower to be in the save side. When the information is poor that means there will be risk exist. Asymmetric information is an important concept in finance and needs to be understood. It means said Bucle (1998); the information refers to the situation where one party has more information than the other party. This is a problem with most types of transactions, financial or non financial transactions. In the Case of a financial transaction, the borrower will have more information about the Risks and return of the investment project for which funds are being borrowed and the lender do not have the same information the borrower does. So it may leads to actual conflict. Asymmetric information more affect lender, before he gives loan to the borrower and after. Adverse selection is the result of asymmetric information which means a bad selection with high risk of default. The adverse selection refers to the borrower with adverse return. Also, the second result of asymmetric information is moral hazard continued Bucle (1998). The lender will face this particular problems, in which always happened after lending. This problem is described as bad behaviour that accurse when the lender take the money from the lender and because the money is not belonged to him he will use it badly. He will use it for risky activities. As a result the lender will be at risk of losing his money. Karlan and at al (2005): investigate the moral hazard and adverse selection in credit market in South Africa. The random sample of 58000, of male and female, direct offers mail used by a larger lender in South Africa by three classes. First, offer interest rate. Second, contract interest rate which is equal or less the offer interest rate and revealed to more than 4000 borrowers that agreed to the first offer rate. Finally, a dynamic repayment with a good price on future loans for borrowers still in a good positions. These three stages supported by full information given to the lenders. The study setup distinguishes adverse selection from moral hazard impact on repayment. The result found that approximately 20% of default is because asymmetric information problems. Another empirical study of the impact of asymmetric information conducted by Gaul and at al (2008) investigate the effect of unobservable information on corporate loan market, and if the borrower gives the lender the incentive to reduce the asymmetric information effects. The study used a regression to give evidence of a positive relationship between some measure of loan borrower by lender, contract terms, negotiating loans, and the amount of non- publicly information. The study found that, moral hazard and adverse selection problems do exist in the corporate loan market. As a result of asymmetric information, adverse select, and moral hazard is the transaction cost. So what do we mean by transaction cost? Bucle (1998) counts four types of transaction costs which are as follows. Firstly, search cost, the borrower and the lender will be affected by high cost of searching for accurate information about each other to avoid risks associated to default and loss money. Also, verification costs, which mean the cost that accrues when lender tries, ensure that information he has is true. Furthermore, monitoring costs, the lender after given loan to the borrower should follow the borrower activities to make sure he will be able to make payment as agreed. Finally, enforcement costs, in case of default the lender wants to ensure that the lender can be enforced to get the money back. The importance of the financial intermediaries The financial intermediation is the entity which in a med position between two parties and manage the financial transaction between them. Commercial banks, investment banks, stock investing services, insurance providers, etc are examples of the financial intermediation. So we can imagine the importance of those entities. For example banks, it does the important role. Banks obtain funds from depositors and then lend those funds to borrowers. Also provide financial services said Fraser and et al (2001). Also individual as lender can get fixed income at cheaper cost. Also, when the lender uses the financial intermediary he wont need to bear those costs. He does not have to spend money and time for collecting information to find good borrower. Moreover, he can get his money back at any time he want it. Also he does not have to bear risks of default the borrower and other risks because the risks are borne by the bank. Always banks have information and policy system about their clients and diversify their investment in case mismatching the maturities of their assets and liabilities said Saunders (2008). Saunders and et al (2008) said because of costs of monitoring, liquidity, and price risk, as well as for some other reasons, savers often prefer to hold the financial claims issued by FIs rather than those issued by corporations. Diamond (1984) developed a model of delegate monitoring. Financial intermediary acts as monitor by promising the lender a fixed income and monitor the borrower activity to fulfil the lender the promise said Allen at al (2008). Another model developed by Boot and Thakor (1997) about delegated monitoring. They assume that, there are three kind of information. First, incomplete and unclear information about the future activity that the borrower is going to do and they suggest the solution is using financial market to obtain this information. Second the lender does not have information about the lender activity in term of invest the money in safe or risky project, and they suggest the solution by intermediary. Finally, borrower might have the chance to invest in a risky project and also they suggest the solution by intermediary said Allen at al (2008). Conclusion and recommendations: In conclusion, financial intermediaries do not exist by chance the economy has found them. As it shows above it exist because the need of the two separate parties and these parties represent the structure of the economy in any country. Borrower wants to have finance in his new project. Also lender need to be safe from asymmetric information, adverse selection of borrower and moral hazard and it is the financial intermediarys main job. To collect information about the borrower is not an easy task. It contains high cost for the small lenders which prevents him to invest his money. Also, he cannot give his money to the wrong person or firm. Financial intermediary could do this job on behalf of the investor. This job can be done by financial intermediaries in a low cost because of the large number of the customer they deal with. Also they act as specialist to this kind of financial transactions. However, financial intermediary is not always the haven. It has also risks of default, credit risk, liquidity risk, and etc. As we experience in the last financial crisis and the collapse of the biggest financial institutions around the world as a result of transferring risk. I think Islamic banks are the solution. They share risks instead of transfer them. Every party have to bear part of the risk to be able to continue. Transferring risks are not the solution, which means party will have nothing and other will have everything as a result part of the economy, will continue and the other part will collapse. Lets imagine the collapse party is the banks. So, the crisis will extend to the economy as a whole.

Theatre Play :: essays research papers

Triple Threat Cell phone rings Chris Hey what’s up man? Chris Naw man, I’m busy tonight, I’ve got three dates Chris Ya man, three different girls, and they don’t even know Chris I’m taking one of them to lunch, another to dinner, and then I’m gonna meet the one at the bar Chris I met the first one in my theatre class, man she’s hot! I am taking her to lunch Chris The second one I met at Wal-mart. She was checkin me out. I’m taking her to dinner Chris And the last one is that one girl from last week at the bar, remember? I’m meeting her there later Chris So, do you think I can pull this off? Chris No? Man you know I’ve got dem skills..Later Next Scene Chris Hey how’s it going? Anna I’m fine how are you? Chris I’m good, man Brent’s class sure was enjoyable today wasn’t it? Anna Ohh yes, I had so much fun Waitress Can I get you all something to drink? Chris A water please Anna A water Waitress Would you like to order? Chris I would like a salad Anna I would like a triple cheeseburger, fries, and a loaded baked potato Chris Damn girl! Hungry? Anna Naw not really, I ate breakfast awhile ago Anna So, what are you doing tonight? Chris I am going to my grandma’s birthday party all day, you? Anna I’m going out with some of my girls Chris Well that’s cool Chris How’s the food? Anna Awesome, you want a bite? Chris No thanks, it’s all yours Chris So are you going to get the bill? Anna Hell no I’m not paying, do you think I would have ordered all this? Chris It’s cool, I got it, you know I’m a baller End date one Waitress Weren’t you here earlier? Chris Nope, you must have me mistaken with someone else Waitress No I’m sure it was you, are you sure? Chris Nope sure wasn’t me Waitress Ok then, how many? Chris Just two Michelle How’s your day going? Chris It’s good and yourself? Michelle Mines good, I just got off the phone with a friend and she had a terrible lunch date with some guy Chris Ohh really? That sucks Michelle Ya she came here Chris Ohh..I see†¦ Waitress Would you like something to drink? Chris We’ll both have water..with lemon that’s not extra is it? Michelle Well..thanks? Chris No problem Waitress Are you ready to order? Chris Ya, is it possible for us to order off the kids menu? Waitress No, not so much Chris Ok then, we’ll split the appetizer sampler Michelle Wow, don’t go all out Chris It’s cool, I’ve got plenty Chris So how’s wal-mart treating ya? Michelle Well it’s good, I have been getting a lot of hours since one girl†¦(Chris checks out another girl and says hi)..Uhh hello? Chris Uhh ya, that’s cool Michelle So what are you doing tonight? Chris Well I am going to ball with my boys and then we are going to hang at the house. What about you?

Ragging in India Essay

Ragging in India is a damaging form of interaction of the seniors in college or school with the juniors, newcomers or first years. It is similar to but not same as hazing in the United States, it is not an initiation. It involves insults (simple or suggestive sexual, sarcastic and even physical), running errands for seniors, and many other complex activities. Highly reputed Indian colleges have a wistful history of ragging especially Medical colleges. It has become increasingly unpopular due to several complaints of serious injury to the victims and strict laws regarding ragging. Ragging is now defined as an act that violates or is perceived to violate an individual student’s dignity. It often takes a malignant form wherein the newcomers may be subjected to psychological or physical torture. Prohibition Of Ragging As per Ordinance XV-C of the University of Delhi ragging in any form is strictly prohibited, within the premises of College/Department/Institution and any part of Delhi University system as well as on public transport and elsewhere Any individual or collective act or practice of ragging constitutes gross indiscipline and shall be dealt with under this Ordinance Ragging for the purposes of this Ordinance, ordinarily means any act, conduct or practice by which dominant power or status of senior student is brought to bear on students freshly enrolled or students who are in any way considered junior or inferior by other students and includes individual or collective acts or practices which involve physical assault or threat to use of physical force violate the status, dignity and honour of women student; violate the status, dignity and honour of students belonging to scheduled castes and tribes; expose students to ridicule and contempt and affect their self esteem entail verbal abuse and aggresssion, indecent gestures and obscene behaviour The incidents of ragging in educational institutions is becoming a National issue. I wish that all the senior students of SSITS will receive the suggestions expressed here positively and act as desired so that we can continue to maintain â€Å"RAGGING – FREE INSTITUTION† status for ever. Remember the fact: Awareness on ragging leads to eradication of ragging. The following may happen to the victim of ragging: 1. The ragging may leave permanent scar in the victim’s mind that may haunt him/her for years to come. 2. The ragging demoralizes the victim who enters the college life with many hopes and expectations. 3. It causes grave psychological stress and trauma to the victim. 4. Those who succumb to ragging may drop out, thereby hampering their career prospects. 5. In extreme cases, if the victim is too sensitive, he/she may resort to suicide, or culpable homicide. Ragging has become a menace, cause of fear and shock, not only for a fresher but to his/her parents too who are sending their loved ones for pursuing higher studies by investing a lot of hard earned money Ragging in any form inside or outside the college campus is banned/prohibited vide Prohibition of Ragging in Educational Institutions Act passed by the Parliament. Ragging means doing an act that causes or is likely to cause insult or annoyance or fear or apprehension, threat or intimidation or outrage of modesty or injury to a student. Those who indulge in this uncivilized activity are liable for severe disciplinary actions besides being liable for prosecution. Nature of Ragging Punishment Teasing, Embarrasing and Humilating Imprisonment upto 6 months or fine upto Rs.1000/- or both Wrongfully restraining or confining or causing hurt Imprisonment upto 2 years or fine upto Rs.5000/- or both Causing death or abating suicide Imprisonment upto 10 years or fine upto Rs.50,000/- or both Student convicted of any above offences, will be dismissed from the college.

Feasibility of introducing alcohol made in the U.S. into the Thai market

Feasibility of introducing alcohol made in the U.S. into the Thai market Introduction As of late the Thai market has been dominated by locally manufactured rubbing alcohol as a means of providing the needs of the people of Thailand for disinfectants. Fortunately recent developments within the country such as the expansion of its business centers through greater foreign direct investments has led to a population that has more buying power as compared to previous generations (Thailand 5).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Feasibility of introducing alcohol made in the U.S. into the Thai market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This presents itself as an ideal opportunity for new foreign brands to enter Thailand in order take advantage of the new employee market which numbers in the thousands all of whom have started raising families of their own creating the need for cheap rubbing alcohol to be used at home. It must be noted that several studies conducted on the behavior of employees working at several companies have shown that the number of marriages has been steadily increasing. This has resulted in an increase in the overall amount of home disinfectants bought by a progressively younger generation; this is also not limited to individuals but families as well. An examination of the local market in hygiene products shows that on average the sale of rubbing alcohol actually reaches the same level as that of other products such as deodorant, mouthwash, toothpaste etc. This might be because the physical environment that various people within the overcrowded cities expose themselves to presents such a degree of health risk that constantly carrying a bottle of alcohol is actually the norm in several areas. Various travel blogs to Thailand also state the need to purchase supplies of rubbing alcohol before venturing into the cities as a precaution against the threat of germs. It must be noted though that Thailand itself is a relatively clean country where the fear of germs is not as bad as compared to countries such as India. Location of Thailand The total land area in the U.S. is roughly 9,826,675 KM2 and is located in the Western Hemisphere on the North American continent. Thailand on the other hand is far smaller at only 513,120 sq km in total size and is located in South East Asia. The overall distance is considerable as such the import and export of materials to and from the U.S. going to Thailand and back entails considerable cost on the part of the sending company. In terms of overall stability Thailand has experienced numerous coup attempts within the past decade as well as political unrest due to the estranged nature of its political parties which have been a source of contention for several years.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Population The population of Thailand has been estimated at reaching 66,720,153 b y 2011, overall the population of children in Thailand only reaches 15 million with the remaining 51 million being composed of adults or the elderly. As such as far as populations go Thailand actually has a relatively stable population size compared to the rest of the world. Climate comparison In comparison to Thailand’s relatively tropical climate which is spread out evenly along the entire country, the U.S. experiences variances in weather and seasonal conditions where the Southern half of the country is relatively temperate as compared to the rest of the country. The main difference between the two countries is in the fact that the U.S. has seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) while Thailand does not. Both countries are able to produce electronic goods on varying levels of mass production however the U.S. cannot sustain a tropical fruits industry due to its temperate conditions while Thailand on the other hand can due to its year round tropical environment. Governme nt The government of Thailand does use a form of democracy similar to that of the U.S. however this was only after a trend of numerous political insurrections, military dictatorships and violent power struggles. As such the current stability of the current Thai government is in question especially when considering the various scandals that have occurred as of late. Economy Thailand actually has quite a robust economy which has marked it as a newly industrialized country when compared to its other South East Asian neighbors with a GDP of U.S. $312 billion (Economy 5). While some of its major exports include rice, fertilizers, fishery products and chemicals its current growth rate is vested in the size of the outsourcing industry that is based in various cities and provinces located around Thailand (Thailand 15). For the past several years Thailand has actually been one of the main outsourcing locations for U.S. based companies due to the relatively cheap labor and progressive busines s environment (Butt 33). As a result various companies have established offshore locations within Thailand in order to take advantage of the cheap and plentiful Thai workforce. Outsourcing in Thailand consists of product manufacturers such as NIKE, Dell, Intel and various other companies who have outsourced their production capabilities to Thailand in order to save on the cost of labor (Butt 33). Based on this data it can be seen that the economy of Thailand leans towards being market based due to the sheer amount of foreign direct investments into the economy due to the outsourcing industry (Economy 5).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Feasibility of introducing alcohol made in the U.S. into the Thai market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the sheer production capacity and GDP of the country the fact remains that Thailand is still a newly industrialized country and as such there are various sectors that cannot accommodate an influx of new workers which has resulted in a lack of jobs in certain sectors of the economy which gives rise to poverty (Matthews 148). While Thailand does have large mineral deposits and a robust tourism industry with agriculture and electronics manufacturing being some of its major industries the fact remains that there are still far too many people to be properly accommodated by all businesses (Hewison 212). It must be noted though that the main resource of Thailand is not its natural resources but rather human capital that enables the manufacturing of cheap goods on a massive scale (Hewison 212). Most of Thailands production is concentrated in the agricultural and manufacturing industry as such human capital is the most used resource in Thailand as compared to its biodiversity or mineral wealth (Matthews 148). The money in Thailand is called the Baht and based on current exchange rates one dollar is equivalent to 30 Thai Baht (Matthews 148). In terms of establishing a company branch within Thailand there are few barriers to entry since Thailand has an extensive telecommunications network with a population that is relatively friendly to foreigners, as such establishing an office should not prove to be a problem. Recommendation Based on the current analysis of Thailand’s financial and economic infrastructure as well as potential markets available, there is a definite possibility for profit if rubbing alcohol from the U.S. were to be sold in Thailand. Also due to various foreign incentives and the overall cost of labor alcohol production and sale within Thailand is a definite possibility as such this report concludes that building a new alcohol producing plant in Thailand would definitely be financially fruitful for the company. Butt, Shiraz. Mutual benefits flow from outsourcing in Thailand. Modern Power  Systems 24.7 (2004): 33. EBSCO. Web. ECONOMY. Background Notes on Countries of the World: Kingdom of Thailand  (200 8): 5. EBSCO. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hewison, Kevin. Thailand Human Development Report. Sufficiency Economy and Human Development. Journal of Contemporary Asia 38.1 (2008): 212. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. Matthews, Mervyn. THAILAND TODAY. Asian Affairs 34.2 (2003): 148. EBSCO. Web. Thailand. Country Report. Thailand (2009): 1-26. EBSCO. Web.

Abortion (this is a position paper!) essays

Abortion (this is a position paper!) essays Abortion is a very controversial topic and everyone has his or her own opinion. I don't really believe in abortion and I would never have one but my opinion of abortion is if you are against it you shouldnt have one. Abortion does kill a human child. The child may not be very old or very well developed, but it is still a baby that needs food and water and can feel pain and hear and see and jump up and down. I believe that abortion is actually a good idea if the pregnancy will probably kill the mother or if the fetus is not and can never be viable outside the womb. I have looked around to find the pro-choice arguments that I think are the most convincing arguments for abortion and tried to answer them with my own opinion in a way that is as convincing as the way they are presented. Don't teen girls need the choice of abortion though? As a teen girl I think an abortion would be even harder for me now than if I was older. Killing a baby that has never done anything to deserve death would make me very depressed. In addition, I think that many girls probably feel they have no other choice. If schools and colleges provided free childcare during school hours, girls could drop their babies off and visit between classes. I think that if girls had more choices like this, fewer girls would have abortions. Even if schools have no childcare, a girl living close to her mother, grandmother or even grandfather or father might be able to leave the baby with them for the day. Also, there are many, many more eligible families who want to adopt a baby than there are babies up for adoption. Abortion kills a baby that could make another family happy. But isn't it going to condemn women to incompetent butchers if abortion is illegal? Even in the current situation there are butchers. Abortion clinics do not have to comply with the same standards as hospitals and regular clinics, so women can die from the various complications of abortion....

The study as an Undergraduate Student at Brooks Institute Essay

The study as an Undergraduate Student at Brooks Institute - Essay Example During the three-year journey of professional photography at Brooks Institute, I felt myself to be growing from an amateur photographer who shots everything he sees, to an advertising-oriented photographer who now has a clear focus on still-life and product photography. The credit for this goes to the great instructors at the Brooks Institute. With their guidance, I produced a body of work that can proudly be presented in the graduation review panel. In summer 2014, I was thrilled to get an opportunity of working as an intern with Bill Cahill (a top-class product photographer in Los Angeles, California) to get a hands-on experience in the advertising industry. I was of the view that everything will turn out to be perfectly fine after I graduate in August. At this point, however, I met Norman Maslovs; a successful businessman who represents numerous world’s leading photographers. Norman’s assertion was that photographers, who have a collection of fine-art work, always draw more attention of the art buyers and agencies than the ones who only work in the commercial sector. Norman’s words broadened my vision of the photographic world and I was convinced that a blend of commercial and fine art photography would give me a spark in the industry. I came to the conclusion that fine art together with my commercial photography background would lead me to a better photography career in the long run. Consequently, keeping in view Norman’s advice I decided to pursue my study further to earn a graduate degree in Fine Art related Photography. During my affiliation with the Brooks Institute, I have always been profoundly interested in works of arts that were made by master students of fine arts. I feel that that photograph of a dead chicken lying in a wooden box (The Recipe Can Change, by Hugo Martinez) or a shattered ambrotype of a railway (Disconnected, by Cyndi Di Micco) are both amazing to look at. Having figured out the meaning behind such pieces of arts, my desire to appreciate such artworks has always increased.  

Gasland by Josh Fox Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gasland by Josh Fox - Movie Review Example The thesis of the documentary seeks to inform the audience about the environmental effects and human effects from natural gas drilling. Indeed, the documentary uses dark humor to discuss a detailed analysis of the broader effects of the controversial extraction method, hydraulic fracturing, or fracking that is rampant across the globe. The documentary seeks to negate the assertion that natural gas is a clean and safe alternative to oil. In addition, the documentary confirms that the fracked wells leak more often thus polluting the environment through water and air pollution, which endangers the environment and disturbs families (Fox Film). Rhetorical (persuasive) Strategies in the Documentary Notably, the documentary uses the three persuasive strategies, which include logos, pathos, and ethos. Moreover, the documentary uses rhetorical devices to apply the persuasive strategies to support the argument. In this context, I will focus on sound, speech, and visual images in discussing the rhetorical (persuasive) strategies in the documentary... The speaker further says that â€Å"a great deal of faith in people that we wouldn’t succumb to frenzy, or rage, or greed; that we’d figure out a solution without destroying the things that we love (Fox Film).† This comes in a convincing tone that asserts respect for the environment. More so, Josh Fox says that the proposal from the natural gas company to lease Fox’s family land for purposes of drilling natural gas generated a debate in the family. Indeed, Fox’s father initially had the thought of leasing the land for the $100,000 offer (Fox Film). On the other hand, Fox tells his father, ‘I think I have to look into this, so give me some time to go ahead and get the facts.† Indeed, even though, Fox said this in a commanding voice, Fox’s father allowed him to seek for facts and evidence regarding the effects of hydraulic fracturing on the community neighboring the drilling site. In fact, Josh Fox is the dominant narrator in the do cumentary where he gives a personal story. He engaged in interviews, discussions, and debates seeking to unearth the possible environmental effects of hydraulic fracturing. As a result, the film offers facts and evidence in spoken form through the interviews. We can actually experience Josh Fox talking with residents suffering from chronic health ailments that relate to air pollution and water contamination from the drilling of the natural gas using the hydraulic fracturing (Fox Film). This offers facts and evidence in spoken form through the discussions. More so, the residents report on their quest for justice where they visited the court to get an injunction seeking damages from the natural gas companies.  Ã‚  

Use of Ethanol as a Fuel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Use of Ethanol as a Fuel - Research Paper Example Unfortunately, inside an automobile engine, fuel undergoes incomplete combustion and as a result unburned hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and compounds of sulphur are released, which are extremely dangerous to mankind (Rao, 1989). Many organizations all over the world are participating in developing awareness and making such standards that are environment friendly. Among them is U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA which is constantly trying to make such standards and regulations which can lessen the effects of the exhaust of the automobiles on the environment. An Energy Policy Act has been passed by EPA which is considered to be an attempt in fighting energy problems. It contains a national renewable fuel standard program RFS, developed to make use of a certain amount of renewable fuel within transportation fuels. Ethanol is one of the environment friendly gas or liquid recommended in EPA and RFS programs. It is, in actual, the ethyl alcohol found in drinking beverages and it is being used as a transportation fuel too for decades. It is termed as an oxygenating factor for gasoline and is used purposely for oxygenating fuel in many parts of the country. It is blended as an alternative fuel to the gasoline of about 5-10% concentration initially, but now it is mostly in the form of E85 and E100 which contains 85-100% concentration of ethanol alcohol (Renewable Fuel Standard Program. 2011). Using Ethanol as E85 has quantitatively replaced the gasoline in flexible fuel vehicles, which have engines designed for this special purpose so that they are compatible with the high concentration of ethanol. It has a high octane rate than gasoline and thus provides good performance and engine efficiency, but at the same time it has lower energy content and thus it gives less mileage as compared to gasoline of the same amount. United States was the world’s top producer of ethanol with 50 billion liters out of 86.9 billion liters all over the world in the year 2010. Every other car or automobile in US uses a blend of gasoline ethanol up to 10% as it is considered mandatory by the RFS program. There are also a great number of flexible fuel vehicles which use E85 and E100 as a fuel, but it can b e affirmed that more energy is consumed as compared to gasoline (Lichts. 2010). As ethanol is a biofuel, it is mostly seen to be produced from the natural sources and products. Agricultural feed stocks such as sugar cane or corn which are considered renewable are being processed into ethanol by fermentation, distillation and dehydration, when after they undergo the process of photosynthesis for their growth. Petroleum is also a source of ethanol production in the world. About 5% of world’s ethanol is produced by the catalytic hydration of ethylene which is obtained from oil, gas, coal and other petroleum resources. Apart from sugar cane and corn, other feed stocks can also be used for the production of bio-ethanol, which include bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain, switch grass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, molasses, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton and other biomass and cellulose harvestings. The only condition is that the process of photosynthesis should completely occur, i.e., plants absorb sunlight for their growth and all the minerals they produce like phosphorus etc should return to the land (Ethanol. 2012). Apart from its

Hurricane Katrina Essay Example for Free

Hurricane Katrina Essay When an electrical power outage occurs from a storm, we are instructed to have flashlights, battery operated radios, a generator, survival gear, food, etc. But what happens when the power outage is long-term? What happens when the generator runs out of fuel and we can’t get more fuel? What happens when the batteries run down? For those who did not endure Hurricane Katrina, the consequences of loss of power combined with catastrophic flooding cannot even be imagined. The event of Katrina was not a mere inconvenience, it was a disaster of epic proportions. Much of the failure of first responders and ensuing rescue workers to operate efficiently was due to lost communications. Additionally, family members and friends could not find each other, nor could they find any information for quite a while. This particular storm was a nightmare for communications people as well as the victims. Simply the massive loss of power rendered the Gulf Coast without the basic tools to function. Today’s technology in communications is unparalleled and becoming even more sophisticated by the week; yet without power, even the most high-tech systems are useless (Donny Jackson, 12-01-2005). To review what happened during the storm that shattered communications networks, it is important to look at the emergency communications systems available and explain what failed and why. In the 35th largest city in the U. S. , how could so many people be suddenly disconnected? What happened to the cell phones, instant messaging, satellite technology, broadband, wireless and other forms of everyday communication that are largely taken for granted? Even in the horrendous disaster of 9/11, communication was still taking place. Even Hurricane Andrew didn’t knock all communications systems out. What was different about Hurricane Katrina? As Donny Jackson points out in Mobile Radio Technology (12-01-2005), all communications systems are designed with the notion that power is available. Backup generators and batteries are equipped to keep equipment running for a few hours at the most, which is usually ample time for the electrical grid to be back online to some capacity. In an earlier article by Donny Jackson (11-01-05), the floodwaters were to blame for most of the communications failures. The commander of police communications in New Orleans, Stephen J. Gordon, put it succinctly: â€Å"The wind was almost inconsequential†¦ It was the water that was the killer. † Herein was the problem: most wireless towers are designed to withstand hurricane force winds. The cell towers survived the winds, as in Florida’s hurricanes, but the power to drive the networks was knocked out by the unprecedented floodwaters in the city of New Orleans. There was also damage to a generator when flying debris punctured the radiator on the backup generator. When sudden damage of this type occurs, there is little that can be done to overcome the massive loss of communication. However, IT was still working, and emergency personnel were using the Internet to send out instant messages when all other communications failed. Of course, this was only possible with emergency power available until the fuel in the generators was gone. Since the roads were impassable and there was widespread damage to gas stations and roads to the gas stations, generator fuel swiftly dwindled. When communications are cut off to first responders in a disaster, chaos ensues as victims assume help is on the way and when it fails to arrive, the emotional aftermath is seen. First responders themselves are traumatized by being rendered almost as helpless as the victims they are hired to rescue and protect due to being cut off from each other. In the case of Katrina, it turned out that satellite and internet technology helped enormously in the days following the disaster, when families needed help finding each other and victims needed medical attention or evacuation. It seems that satellite technology had the edge over terrestrial communications systems, yet satellite communications are not yet sufficiently integrated into emergency communications networks, according to Satellite Industry Association (SIA) chairman Tony Trujillo (Peter Brown, 2006). Agreeing with this statement was the FCC Chairman Kevin Martin, stating that: If we learned anything from Hurricane Katrina, it is that we cannot rely solely on terrestrial communications (Brown). IT technology was utilized to patch together a system of tracking evacuees in the days following Hurricane Katrina. Several IT companies met two days after Katrina had struck and agreed to set aside competition and focus on helping the victims (Bart Perkins, 2005). Within five days, IT companies began executing networks for shelters, finding families, financial assistance and infrastructure. This mammoth effort was undertaken doing a lot with a little. Linking databases to larger organizations using what means were available was no small task, given that there was no power supply to speak of. In this case, the private sector possessed a greater ability to render assistance than the emergency or government agencies due to their skills and mobility. The Hurricane Katrina tragedy was ironic in that the entire world was more informed than the victims, evacuees and rescue workers regarding what was needed in the stricken areas, due to television, print and Internet media (Diane Mermigas, 2005). The observance of these phenomena has prompted the investigation into the further development of new bandwidth-rich services that go beyond media and entertainment and imbed themselves into emergency services. As a result of the losses and lack of preparedness in terms of emergency communications for a storm that was possible but not probable enough to prompt a major beefing up of communications networks, new measures are being taken to ensure that it doesn’t happen again. Flagler County in Florida is investing $10 million to install an 800 MHz radio system, which will suitably serve multiple channels of communications and heavy user traffic through one network (Michael Reed, 2005). New Orleans had an 800 MHz system, but it was knocked out by the floodwaters. However, the terrain of Flagler County is different and the county also has two satellite phones available as a backup. Satellite equipment works well as long as one has a clear view of the southern sky, but in a city or indoors, they are ineffective (Jackson, 11-01-2005). Two satellite phones may not seem like much, but the county can simultaneously call for help and stay in contact with emergency officials if need be. Moreover, where Flagler County’s radio signals currently fail in the western part of the county, the new 800 MHz system will enable signals to 95 percent of the county. In New Orleans, when the 800MHz equipment was rendered inoperable by the water, the statewide system was insufficient in dealing with the new traffic of users in the form of out-of-area emergency workers (Jackson, 11-01-2005). The resulting demand now is for redundant forms of connectivity, networks capable of re-routing traffic around the point of failure, better protection for equipment in terms of casings, and alternative power sources. In the works now are packets of emergency communications networks that operate on satellite technology and are able to seamlessly interface with terrestrial technology (Brown). One of the acknowledged problems with the communications infrastructure was that in the areas stricken by Katrina, these systems were not in place prior to the storm. Had they been strategically placed, response would have been more efficient and effective. One of the problems with first responders dealing with satellite equipment is the time; first responses are time-critical and while the team is trying to get to the victims, it is not likely that having to keep repositioning the receiver on a mobile satellite communication system would be an attractive idea. There are alternatives that had been considered dubious prior to Katrina, but are now gaining interest. One such communication network is being developed by Space Data, based in Arizona. Almost laughably simple, the Sky Site Network uses weather balloons to fly base systems up to heights of 65,000 to 100,000 feet above the earth (Jackson, 12-01-2005). This system could be deployed in advance of an oncoming hurricane or in the event of a disabled network. The balloons can remain aloft for about a day and are reusable when they fall to earth. Another possibility is a combination of solar, fuel cell and wind powering towers instead of terrestrial electricity. While this combination has largely been dismissed as environmentalism driven pseudo-science, one company has gained great interest after Katrina and has installed the towers at an airport in West Virginia to run the video surveillance cameras (Jackson, 12-01-2005). Knowing that it is only a matter of time before another disaster strikes, whether it is natural or man-made, it is prudent to shore up communications systems and develop different networks, both terrestrial and satellite, that can be compatible. Due to the human condition, it is more likely that such systems will be developed in the private sector focusing on entertainment or gaming rather than emergency preparedness. It seems that new technology becomes quickly taken for granted and integrated into daily life so much that many forget how to function without it. Yet designers and officials would do well to think outside the box by finding multiple purposes for such communications devices, in the event of an emergency. Past disasters such as the London transit bombings of July 2005, the tsunami in Indonesia in 2005 and now Hurricane Katrina have shown the value of videophones and camera equipped cell phones. Yet these devices require terrestrial networks to operate as well as electrical power to recharge them. While some small items such as cell phones, calculators, etc. are solar powered, the sun is not always reliable. Nothing is. This fact should demonstrate the importance of multiple power sources, both conventional and alternative, in order for equipment to function for extended periods of time even when the main power is disabled. In any emergency, effective communication is critical. Making communications networks better can be the difference between life and death in future disasters. Works Cited Brown, Peter J. â€Å"Crisis On The Gulf Coast: When Satellite Was The Only Game In Town. † Via Satellite 21. 1 (2006): 1. Jackson, Donny. â€Å"Without power, but not powerless. † Mobile Radio Technology 23 (12-01-2005).

How Come Hybrid Car Is Used In Malaysia Marketing Essay

How Come Hybrid Car Is Used In Malaysia Marketing Essay Introduction Hybrid car is all the rage nowadays, but lots have mistaken the hybrid for a solar car or an electric car. By definition, a hybrid car is an automobile that have one or more power source, for example an electric motor, battery and fuel cells [1]. To many surprise, the Hybrid car technologies was developed during the 1900s .In fact, the first working hybrid car used a petrol engine, to power the rotation of the dynamo at a constant speed, to charged up the accumulators. It was created by Ferdinand Porsche, the founder of Porsche [2]. Before the increase of the global fuel price [3], hybrid car is just one of the cars that are displayed during auto show as the car of the future. The demand grows and like a snowball effect in conjunction of the increase of awareness in Malaysian society on preserving the environment with the Go green campaign [4]. In the modern hybrid, it is the combination of a conventional  internal combustion engine  (ICE)  propulsion system and an  electric  propulsion system. To enhance it further, electric powertrain is added to increase efficiency, other efficiency-improving technologies which is added is the  regenerative braking, where the vehicles kinetic energy is converted into electric energy to recharge the battery, unlike conventional brakes that waste it as it dissipate heat. Some other hybrid technology uses their internal combustion engine as a motor generator to generate electricity by spinning an  electrical generator [5]. This process has two functions which are to power the car or recharge their batteries. Many hybrids have a similarities which is the start-stop system. The ICE is shut down during idle condition and restart again when the hybrid is moving reduce idle emissions  by  shutting down  the  ICE  at  idle  and restarting it when needed, thus this will produce less emission compared to the normal gasoline powered car. A hybrid-electric produces less emission from its  ICE  than a comparably-sized gasoline car. In other words, it increase efficiency and consume less fuel. Types of Hybrid Car There are 4 terms that are used to describe Hybrid cars: Full hybrid It is also known as a strong hybrid. It is a versatile vehicle that can run with either the engine, or just the batteries, or even the combination of both. For example the Hybrid Synergy Drive by  Toyota Prius,  Ford Escape Hybrid, and  Ford Fusion Hybrid  are cars that are using this technology. However there are downsides to it, as these cars can run on battery power alone thus it need a high capacity battery [6]. Thanks to advance technology, the full hybrid havs a function that allow user more option in choosing the power source of the car, either via the electrical power or mechanical. Mild hybrid It is also known as a hollow hybrid. Different to the full hybrid, a mild hybrid require both electrical and mechanical engine as the electrical power source cant sustain enough energy to power the vehicle. It only features some of the technology of the full hybrid for example greater fuel efficiency. A mild hybrid can be metaphoric describe as conventional vehicle with the start-stop system [7]. Power assist hybrids   The main working mechanism is the ICE. The ICE is used as a primary power source, to increase the torque of the electrical motor that is connected to the powertrain. The electric motor is located in between the engine and transmission, which operates during the engine turned over and also when the driver accelerates [8]. Plug-in hybrid It is a hybrid electric vehicle with  rechargeable batteries. The battery can be recharge when connected to an external power source. A plug in hybrid also share similar characteristic as other hybrids [9]. It has more electrical capacity compared to a mild hybrid and uses combustion engine as a spare when the batteries are out. How Hybrid Cars Work When you get into a hybrid car, youll definitely feel shock and at the same time impress on the quietness of the cars engine. The two most popular hybrid cars (Toyota and Ford) use the technology called internal combustion engine (ICE) [10]. ICE will start operating when the car is started and then it will shut down once the car is warmed up. This process only takes a short period of time. When the ICE is off, the car will operate using the electric motor. The amount of power to draw from ICE and pull from the cars electric motor depends mainly on how fast is the driving speed. The cars computer is in charge of determining this. The cars dashboard will show the driver when is the electric assist is working. Hybrid cars are classified into various types. They are the parallel hybrid such as Ford Escape Hybrid, mid parallel hybrid such as Honda Insight and power-split series-parallel hybrid such as Toyota Prius [10]. There are also Plug-in hybrid electrical vehicle such as Chevrolet Volt and also Fuel cell, electric hybrid such as Chevrolet Equinox [11]. All of these use different types of technology to achieve the same motive which is to be an environmental friendly vehicle. There are 5 main steps taken to achieve hybridization [12]. Firstly, the idle-off capability which acts like a switch of a refrigerator. This switch will automatically turn off when the refrigerators door is closed. By using the same concept, this feature will off the vehicles gasoline engine when the car is in static [11,12 ]. With this, no fuel will be consumed. This feature will also turn on the engine using a very short interval of time when the car is about to move. However, this process consumes large amount of power if compare with conventional vehicles. Secondly, the regenerative braking which uses the electric motor to stop the car. During this process, the electric motor acts as a generator [11,12]. It recovers part of the kinetic energy generated when the car is moving convert them into electric energy. This electric energy is stored in the battery so that it can later be use to slow down or even stop the car. This method comes with few disadvantages which are the vehicle must have a large electric motor which operates with high voltage so that it can capture the breaking energy efficiently and a large battery pack is needed to store the energy. However, this method can help to reduce the consumption of fuel of the vehicle. Thirdly, the power assist and engine downsizing method which truly fulfills the definition of hybrid vehicle [11, 12]. The general definition of hybrid vehicle is is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. Hybrid vehicle uses electric motor and gasoline engine to move [15]. This method actually reduces the gasoline engine demands. Because of this, a smaller size engine can be used and at the same time producing the same outcome as the normal size engine [13]. The fourth method is the electric-only-drive technology which let the vehicle move using solely the electric motor and battery pack [12]. With this, the electric side of the dual system can be fully utilized. This is the main reason why the hybrid vehicle can be operated in such low noise condition. This method is launched during low speed and the starting of the engine. Once the car reaches high speed, the engine will take over. Lastly is the extended battery-electric range which is also the final level of hybridization [12, 14]. This is a method where the motors capacity is extended by recharging its battery using a clean energy grid such as plug in. With this method it is possible for the vehicle to operate by using only the battery-electric up to 30 to 100 km. this is definitely a greener method. This methods performance plainly depends on how often the owner plugs in. Above are the brief explanations of the operation of hybrid vehicle. Overall, hybrid technology is definitely a more environmental friendly technology [16]. How come hybrid car is hardly used in Malaysia The Hybrids, a car that consume a tiny bit of fuel and uses both battery and fossil fuel as power source, with an everlasting battery, seems to be very attractive as gasoline prices shoot up past RM10.00 a gallon mark. The hybrid produce less harmful carbon gas thus it pollute less with 2 power source it also consume less fuel, thus it gives us the feel good factor. But is it just too good to be true if sense if you are simply trying to save money? Not yet. [17] However the Hybrids have a misconception that it is the way to save fuel, in fact its the opposite. It is likely that we could never get back our investment in the hybrid even if compared it with a SUV with high fuel consumption rate. Currently, is cheaper to get a smaller car rather than the hybrid at a high price. People have been reluctant to buy hybrid, especially because there are few reasons that show how much the new technologies will cost in the long run which are servicing, battery life, etc. [18] In addition, the higher purchase price really does scare many people off. If you were to compare a Toyota Corolla with a Toyota Prius, for example, some interesting figures come to light. The difference in price between the cars is nearly RM 19  707.79. You can fill a lot of petrol for that kind of money. But how does the difference work out? There are reasons why hybrid cars are expensive. The Toyota Prius has become the trademark or a symbolic car for those who are very passionate about preserving the environment. They willing to go the extra mile or in this case pay the extra dollar to prove how concern they are towards the environment. Unfortunately, if we view it in a more detail manner, the Prius is one of the main culprit of pollution the in United State. The pollution cause by a Prius is greater than a Hummer, a vehicle that most Prius owner sees as the devil. Before judging the hybrid and entering its dark side, we must understand the working mechanism of the hybrid. Thus we take Toyota Prius for example as it is the best selling hybrid car in the market. The Prius is powered by two engines: a standard 76 horsepower, 1.5-liter gas engine that is used in average conventional car and a battery- powered engine that produces and output of 67 horsepower and a 295ft/lbs of torque, below 2000 revolutions per minute. The Toyota Synergy Drive system, the system which is installed in Toyotas hybrid to regulate its start-stop system, propels the car from idle up to 50km/h. It produce less efficiency as more energy are consume to get a car moving from idle position rather than a moving car as inertia plays a major role. Thus the start-stop system requires more fossil fuel to be burned. Another feature of the Prius is the rechargeable battery, which is recharge when break is applied and when the car is running above 50km/h as it would switch to fossil fuel power source. Thus it seems to be an ideal efficient car, right? [18] Sadly no if we put the building process of a Prius under the microscope, we can say that it would bring more harm than the Hummer. This is because the main component in the battery pack of the Prius is made of nickel, which will cost 3 times more damage than a Hummer towards the environment. The nickel plant in Ontario, Canada is dubbed as the dead zone as it damages all the environment surrounding it. The plant is located miles away from civilization as it is hazardous to living thing due to the emission of sulfur dioxide. Sadly, Toyota acquire 1000 ton of nickel from the plant to generate the battery pack for its Prius. The acid rain around Sudbury was so bad it destroyed all the plants and the soil slid down off the hillside, said Canadian Greenpeace energy-coordinator David Martin during an interview with Mail, a British-based newspaper. However, there are more bad news as the nickel from the plant in Canada are shipped to its refinery across Europe and to China to transform the nickel into nickel foam , and finally end up in Japan, to complete its transition into a battery. This transatlantic journey across the world would defy the Prius label as an environmental friendly car as the production of its battery itself brings more harm than producing a conventional car. [18] Through a study by CNW Marketing called Dust to Dust, find that the total combined energy is taken from all the material to build the car and its expected lifetime. The Prius costs an average of RM5.20 per kilometer for driven over a lifetime of 150,000 kilometer which is the expected lifetime of a hybrid. This is compared to the Hummer, the Prius nemesis that only cost Rm 3.11 per kilometer with expected lifetime of 450,000 kilometer. This means that the Hummer is 3 times for efficient than the Prius. [18] The government role and public awareness The government plays a major role in shaping up the nation according to famous Chinese philosopher Confucius. Malaysia is heading towards being a developed nation by the year 2020, thus a lot of policies are been implemented inline of our nations goal to be a develop country in our own mould, without regarding the peoples interest at heart. One of the main government policies is the National Green Technology Policy . The aim for this policy is to tackle the current global warming issues by lessens the carbon emission without neglecting development and preserving the ecosystem [19]. This is in line with United Nation Climate Change Conference where Malaysia pledges to cut down carbon emission by 40 % [20]. This afford by the government have a domino effect on the public, thus creating a greater awareness in the country. This is further justified by various campaigns being launch nationwide to further educate and also implement the policy. One of the active campaign that was launch is the No plastic bag day that been launch by the Penang and Selangor state government [21]. By this policy, consumers are charge 20 cent for each plastic bag on every Saturday. This shows that even government with different political agenda could come together and agree that it is important to create awareness in this country. Cooperate giant like McDonalds too doing their part in the No plastic bag day [22]. With government policy implemented, and the increase of awareness among Malaysian on the importance of preserving the environment, the future looks good for hybrid cars. Although hybrid technology is not new and the initial response from Malaysian on hybrid car have been slow [23]. This is mainly due to high price of the car according a survey conducted by Bernama [24]. However, this problem has been eradicated during the 2009 national budget [25]. With the decrease of 100% on imported tax and 50 % on excite duty on hybrid cars [25]. This certainly would play a significant role in slashing the price of a hybrid to make it more affordable and at the same time it would create more alternative for drivers as the prices of the a hybrid car are now more competitive with the usual conventional fossil fuel powered car. To add to this effort, local automaker, Proton has announced its plan to move into hybrid technology. Proton is going to launch its concept of a hybrid car with enhancement b y its subsidiary Lotus, a t the Geneva Motorshow [26], highlighted their seriousness in developing hybrid car. This would translate to brighter future for hybrid car in the country. Conclusion It is up for debate if the hybrid will bring more harm [18] or will bring good [19] to mankind. The future of hybrid in our country however is looking good, although currently only one type of hybrid is on the market, the Honda Civic hybrid [30]. It will certainly gain momentum in a matter of time, as the younger generations are more environmental conscious, with their participation on environmental awareness activities like the No Plastic bag day [22]. It is a very encouraging trend, and hopefully the younger generation would implement it permanently rather than just a trend. This is important as the younger generations today are more involve in shaping up their future. Although the current price of the hybrid is out of the question for a peanut size salary of a fresh graduate, but the potential of a more affordable hybrid could be realize with the cooperation of the ASEAN government in implementing the AFTA (ASEAN free trade agreement) which could see the price of cars soaring down, especially the leading manufacturer of hybrid, Toyota is based in Thailand. Despite this, we also should not forgetting the effort made by our own local car manufacturer, Proton, who are currently developing their own hybrid with their subsidiary Lotus [26]. With the potential customers, the young one and also the old generation who are currently riding the wave of environmental awareness, are eager to get their hand on their own hybrid, and the relentless effort by local and international carmaker to further enhance the hybrid, adding to the fact of the government effort to promote and cutting the red tape for a greener Malaysia. It is a simple matter of a supply and demand. Thus, there are only one way for the future of hybrid cars in Malaysia, which is up. Analysis on Survey The survey we have conducted on the Future of hybrid car in Malaysia at http://www. surveymonkey.com/s/3YWCM3P. We have set 8 questions for the survey, with 4 of the questions are multiple choice, 2 rating based questions and 2 dialog/feedback type of questions. From the 18 respondent we received, it paints a clear picture of how the future of the hybrid car is looking for our country. Which of these are hybrid car? From the outcomes of this survey, it can be conclude that most Malaysian know what is hybrid car in general, with 77.8% of them know the Toyota Prius is one of the top selling hybrid in the market. With this, we can deduct that most Malaysian actually has the knowledge of the hybrid car model in the market. Honda Jazz hybrid will only be launched this coming autumn in Japan (in the range from October to November) [27]. Honda decided to launch this Jazz Hybrid is because of the high fuel demand by the consumers. Is there any difference between a hybrid car and an electric car? From the data collected above, we found that the public are aware of the difference between a hybrid and an electric car, although there are a lot of misconception that both a hybrid and an electric car is similar, but it does not affect our respondent who majority agree there are difference between a hybrid and an electric car with 88.9% of them agrees. Actually, both the electric car and hybrid car uses the technology that aim to decrease the fuel consumption. The main difference between electric car and hybrid car is that the electric car is 100% electric whereas the hybrid car uses both fuel and electric power to operate. The distance that can be travelled by an electric car totally depends on the amount of time that the car is plugged in and charged. This has limit the distance that can be travelled by the electric car. On the other hand, hybrid car can definitely travel a farther distance due to the gasoline power [28]. In your opinion, why are hybrid car still rare on the road in Malaysia? It seems that price is the main barrier, for the lack of hybrid cars in the country. Factors like high imported taxes play a role to make the hybrid car less affordable to the general public. For example a Prius cost almost the price of a Toyota Camry. Thus those who could afford it would rather opt for a more luxurious car. Other major factor is the lack of expertise in the country for maintenance of the car. A conventional car could be sent to an average workshop for maintenance, but a hybrid with its complex system, only authorized dealer could fix any problem that could occur. In other words it would increase the cost for drivers. It is indeed that the price of a hybrid car is much more expensive than a conventional car. As an example, conventional Honda Civic 1.8 costs around RM113k [29] whereas the hybrid type costs around RM130k [30]. This shows a difference of RM17k in price. This is why the price gives the deepest impact in why consumers choose to drive a conventional car. Do you think hybrid car could reduce the carbon emission? From the result, we realized that most people are also aware of the impact a hybrid car on the environment with 88.9% of them agree it could curb the carbon emission, and the advantage of the hybrid as we quote from the survey A hybrid would reduce fossil fuel consumption thus saving the environment. But the main drawback is the price of the fuel. It is obvious that hybrid car has the ability to reduce the carbon emission. This also depends on the car model. A Toyota Prius only emits 104g/km carbon dioxide which is a 55% reduction compare with a conventional car of the same class [31]. If the price of a hybrid car is as expensive as an ordinary car, would you consider it? In question 3, we found out that the main drawback of the hybrid car is the price. From the result of this question, the answer in question 3 is justified. It is shown that 61.1% of people would definitely switch to a hybrid car if its price is affordable. However, there are people who still want to stick with the conventional car. I believe that this group of people would prefer a more powerful car. So far, hybrid car model is still the family car type. It is less possible to drive a hybrid car and have the thrill of speeding or dragging at the same time. The main purpose of hybrid car is to be more environmental friendly. Excessive speeding would lead to high carbon emission. Because of this, the chance of having a high cubic centimeter (cc) hybrid car model is lesser. How well do you know about hybrid car? From the result obtained, it is obvious that most people have brief idea on hybrid car. This is a very good start for Malaysian to consider driving a hybrid car. However, there are still a small group of people do not have any idea on hybrid car. This problem can be solved if the car manufacturers promote hybrid car more frequently. We believe that if there are more people aware of the advantages of driving a hybrid car, the future of hybrid car in Malaysia would be brighter. Do you know any advantage of the hybrid compare to a normal fossil fuel car? 1. not very clear 2. Petrol consumption is better 3. it can save fuel when the the rpm is under some certain standards i guess 4. It use less fuel (better utilization of petrol) 5. It reduces consumption of fossil fuel, thus saving the environment 6. save fuel!!bla blabla bla 7. it will helps to green the earth 8. Yes, Its more environment-friendly. 9. Less carbon dioxide emission 10. less CO2 The above are the responds given by the public. Most of them agree that the hybrid the hybrid have an advantage over the conventional car. From their feedback, we can conclude that hybrid cars would help in conserving the environment, as it consume less petrol, emit less harmful carbon gases, and it would create a greater fuel efficiency, as the car could be powered via electric source too, lowering the dependency on fossil fuel. Is Hybrid car a way forward to our future? please state reasons 1. less pollution 2. Yes,bcos its a treb 3. Of cos. It indicates we can slowly not using fuel in transportation 4. Yes. It saves the environment 5. No, if possible, people should work towards full-electronic battery powered cars because if you want to save the environment, why do it halfheartedly. 6. mayb,definitely 7. Yes. To avoid global warming. 8. Yes. We should preserve our environment for the future. 9. Yes. new technologies 10. yes.. petrol is expensive Majority of our respondent would agree that the hybrid is the car of the future, although a few minorities are still skeptical about it. Their concern is the hybrid still needs the dependence on fossil fuel. Their preference is to create a full electric power car and also a few concerns about the chemical content inside the batteries used in the hybrid [18]. On a brighter note, the majority are ecstatic and optimistic that the hybrid could play a role in preserving our future. They site that is a way to contribute to avoid global warming and to have greater fuel efficiency as the price of fuel is expensive. 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